Jewish Cultural Immersion Through My Eyes - 3058 Words

Jewish Cultural Immersion: Through my Eyes To become an effective counselor to Jewish Americans or any race or diverse population is to be aware of one’s thoughts and opinions concerning racism and racial advantage, as well increase knowledge of culture’s different from oneself (Hays Erford, 2014). Jewish Americans are referred to those Caucasian individuals who have immigrated to the United States from another country, such as Eastern Europe (Hays and Erford, 2014). In this paper, I will identify and provide a description of the Jewish population and how they differ from myself in a variety of ways. Additionally, I will provide a reflection of my immersion into the Jewish culture via my observations and highlight what I have learned†¦show more content†¦I never asked why she felt that way, I watched â€Å"Seinfeld† and never really formed any negative associations towards Jewish individuals, I viewed them no differently than other individuals. However, I had no exposure to their culture or understanding of the differences between myself and them. I was watching a home improvement show and the individuals wanted a kosher kitchen, and I had no idea what that was or why. I was not aware their cuisine The knowledge regarding the Holocaust was taught in school and as a student, it was necessary to read The Diary of Anne Frank. I found it shocking that Hitler managed to order those individuals under his rule to believe anti-Semitic beliefs and kill so many Jewish people. I am Caucasian, not really any different from a Jewish individual and I could not imagine being forced into a concentration camp to work, starve, be beaten, and killed because of my culture. On some levels, I relate the Holocaust and the Jewish population to the African American battle with slavery. In my opinion, both races were treated unfairly and the results have negatively affected many generations of both populations. What made this assignment difficult for me is that I do not know any Jewish people. I was not aware there was a Jewish synagogue found in Beaumont, Texas, twenty miles from my home. Additionally, I was not aware that Houston had a museum dedicated to the Holocaust either. Furthermore, I am ashamed to admit I was not aware that JewishShow MoreRelatedThe Alphabet : Natural Or Unnatural?1336 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosopher and cultural ecologist, discusses several forms of literacy, including oral, print-based, and electronic. He explains the reasons for the cultural shift from oral literacy to print-based literacy that occurred centuries ago and argues that â€Å"...modern civilization s evident disregard for the needs of the natural world† is partially at fault with the alphabet (28). The reason being that the first civilizations who possessed a negligent attitude toward the earth, (the Jewish and the ChristianRead MoreDictionary.Com Defines Literacy As â€Å"The Quality Or State1418 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosopher and cultural ecologist, discusses several forms of literacy, including oral, print-based, and electronic. He explains the reasons for the cultural shift from oral literacy to print-based literacy that occurred centuries ago and argues that â€Å"...modern civilization s evident disregard for the needs of the natural world† is partially at fault with the alphabet (28). The reason being that the first civilizations who possessed a negligent attitude toward the earth, (the Jewish and the ChristianRead MoreShould Students Study Abroad?1861 Words   |  8 Pagesor college aged students will increase cultural understanding, learn other languages, and gain skills and experience that will help them achieve their career and educational goals. 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Survey Of Literature Review - 1311 Words

2 Survey of Literature Milena Milenkovic et. al [6] have presented experimental flow for the benchmark tests that determine the organization and size of a branch predictor using on-chip performance monitoring registers. Technical note by Scott McFarling [7] presents discussion on how the implementation leading to degree of instruction-level parallelism plays an advantageous role in boosting computing performance and suggested a method for combining different types of branch predictors for maximizing prediction accuracy for a given predictor size. Yeh and Patt [3] have introduced the idea of dynamically collecting branch history information at two different levels, namely, branch execution history and pattern history; the scheme being†¦show more content†¦The motivation behind the whole work rests on various fundamental concepts taken from the work of Daniel A. Jimenez and Clavin Lin [2, 4] and Daniel A. Jimenez [5,8,16]. The branch predictor binary was successfully built using di erent compilers a nd tested under different platforms: (1): GNU C++ under Linux distribution CentOS Release 4.8, i386, 32bit; (2): Cygwin 32bit environment under Windows 7 and (3): Bloodshed Developer C++ (DevC++ 5.0.2). Literature survey has revealed that the proposed approach is unique and novel. 3 Background Concepts Instructions executed by a processor, in general, are of the types: load, store, move, add, compare or jump; a collection of which forms the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) of any microprocessor. A jump is a control flow instruction, which can be broadly divided into two categories: (a) Conditional Branch (CB) and (b) Unconditional Branch (UB). Based on a run-time condition, CBs can be further classified as Forward CBs (FCBs), also called a forward jump, where the Program Counter (PC) is changed so as to point to an address ahead of the current position in the instruction stream; and Backward CBs (BCBs), a backward jump, where the PC is changed to point backward in the instruction stream. This is pictorially shown below in Fig.1 and Fig.2, respectively. Fig.1: Forward Jump Fig.2: Backward Jump An UB instructionShow MoreRelatedResearch Methodologies966 Words   |  4 Pagesopportunities into understanding and gaining knowledge pertaining to leadership, management and the culture as it pertains to the organization. This paper will delve into the qualitative aspect of research methodology and the methods of literature reviews and surveys as tools for gather information, knowledge, cause and effect of hypotheses as they relate to leadership and organizational culture. 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Literature reviews can help people develop a deeper understanding of the topic and theRead MoreThe Effect Of Pay Level On Job Performance Of Call Center Employees Essay858 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle presents the outline of the research project, including the different sections and summary descriptions of the information contained in each section. Overall, the research comprises six different sections. These include the introduction, literature review, analysis approach, results, discussion, and conclusion. It is important that these sections are well knit to ensure a logical flow of ideas and clarity in the presentation of the research report. The foll owing section shows the research outlineRead MoreThe Development Of App Preceptors Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesThe focus of the evidence in this literature review is to explore the need for and the development of APP preceptors to aid in new hire transition to practice, with a focus on CRNA preceptors. 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Management Accounting and Control Practices

Question: Discuss about the Management Accounting and Control Practices. Answer: Introduction: Accounting methods refers to the guideline and rules according to which the financial reports of the business are prepared. Based on the roles of the different accounting methods, it is differentiated into several categories of accounting system. Cost accounting system is one of such special accounting methods. This system assists the users in ascertaining the cost of the products accurately. It also helps the users in accurately calculating the gain percentage (Fullerton et al. 2013). Accounting methods, used by the business firms, can have a major impact on the revenue, reported by the business. It also influences the expense, which is subtracted from the revenue to arrive at the bottom line. The given case study depicts about the processing of the manufacturing firm, Parker Ltd. Parker Ltd manufactures and sells the pencils and pens in sets. The organization has received several offers from different clients for supplying the pen and pencils in set. Report discusses about the several, offers provided by the organization and its potentiality. Various techniques of cost accounting is implemented for evaluating the profit percentage and cost of the plans for Parker Ltd. Current net monthly profit calculation: Important factors, which help in evaluating the offers of the company includes conducting the detailed study of the structure of the current costs of the company. It also takes into consideration the net monthly profit of the company. The calculations, done below, present the net monthly profit along with the present cost of production: Calculation of Monthly Profit:- Particulars Unit Cost per Unit Total Amount A B=C/A C=AxB Monthly Sales Revenue C 10000 $7.50 $75,000 Manufacturing Costs: Direct Material 10000 $1.00 $10,000 Direct Labor 10000 $1.20 $12,000 Variable Overhead 10000 $0.80 $8,000 Fixed Overhead 10000 $1.00 $10,000 Total Manufacturing Costs D 10000 $4.00 $40,000 Marketing Costs: Variable Marketing Costs 10000 $1.50 $15,000 Fixed Marketing Costs 10000 $1.50 $15,000 Total Marketing Costs E 10000 $3.00 $30,000 Total Cost of Goods Sold F=D+E 10000 $7.00 $70,000 Monthly Net Profit G=C-F 10000 $0.50 $5,000 Educational Institution offers: The calculation for the net profit, depicted below, is done by assuming that Parker Ltd acknowledges the offer from the educational institution, which agreed for supplying the extra 2000 sets at $ 5.5: Calculation of Monthly Profit with Additional Order of 2000 Units:- Particulars Unit Cost per Unit Total Amount A B=C/A C=AxB Normal Monthly Sales D 10000 7.5 75000 Order from Educational Institution E 2000 5.5 11000 Monthly Sales Revenue F=D+E 12000 $7.17 86000 Manufacturing Costs: Direct Material 12000 $1.00 $12,000 Direct Labor 12000 $1.20 $14,400 Variable Overhead 12000 $0.80 $9,600 Cost of Logo Inscribtion 2000 $0.60 $1,200 Fixed Overhead 12000 $0.83 $10,000 Total Manufacturing Costs G 12000 $3.93 $47,200 Marketing Costs: Variable Marketing Costs 12000 $1.50 $18,000 Fixed Marketing Costs 12000 $1.25 $15,000 Total Marketing Costs H 12000 $2.75 $33,000 Total Cost of Goods Sold I=G+H 12000 $6.68 $80,200 Monthly Net Profit J=F-I 12000 $0.48 $5,800 It is depicted by the calculation, done above, that the net profit of the company will decrease by $ 0.02 per set if the firm accepts the offer from the educational institution. Therefore, it would not be viable for the company to accept the offer. However, the Parker Ltd. should consider factors other than profitability. It may include cost of production per set, cash flow and many other. Nonetheless, the expenses of the company regarding the sold products of each set can be reduced if the provided offer is accommodated. In addition to this, the offer would also generate higher profit and generating the high amount of cash inflow. Long-term government profitability: The net profit, depicted below, would be generated, when the contract form the long-term government would be obtained by the organization. The contract is to provide 5000 extra sets at the cost of $ 4.00 per set produced. Calculation of Monthly Profit with Additional Order of 5000 Units:- Particulars Unit Cost per Unit Total Amount A B=C/A C=AxB Normal Monthly Sales E 10000 $7.50 75000 Order from Educational Institution F 5000 $4.00 20000 Monthly Sales Revenue G=E+F 15000 $6.33 95000 Manufacturing Costs: Direct Material 15000 $1.00 $15,000 Direct Labor 15000 $1.20 $18,000 Variable Overhead 15000 $0.80 $12,000 Fixed Overhead 15000 $0.67 $10,000 Total Manufacturing Costs H 15000 $3.67 $55,000 Marketing Costs: Variable Marketing Costs 15000 $1.50 $22,500 Fixed Marketing Costs 15000 $1.00 $15,000 Total Marketing Costs I 15000 $2.50 $37,500 Total Cost of Goods Sold J=H+I 15000 $6.17 $92,500 Monthly Net Profit K=G-J 15000 $0.17 $2,500 Based on above calculation, the profit earned by the company by producing and selling each set would be $ 0.17 only. The total amount of profit generates comes to $ 2500. The amount of money received in advance by Parker Ltd stands at $ 4000. Hence, the offer should not be accepted due to lower amount of profit. However, in the event of cash shortage, this offer would be helpful to the company. Lower Pricing for the New Foreign Market: If the parker Ltd intends to penetrate the market, it should propose the sets at the lower rates to its foreign clients. The organization may opt for break-even point and may sell the sets at the selling price, calculated below: Calculation of Monthly Profit with Additional Order of 10000 Units:- Particulars Unit Cost per Unit Total Amount A B=C/A C=AxB Manufacturing Costs: Direct Material 20000 $1.00 $20,000 Direct Labor 20000 $1.20 $24,000 Variable Overhead 20000 $0.80 $16,000 Fixed Overhead 20000 $0.50 $10,000 Total Manufacturing Costs D 20000 $3.50 $70,000 Marketing Costs: Variable Marketing Costs 20000 $1.50 $30,000 Fixed Marketing Costs 20000 $0.75 $15,000 Total Marketing Costs E 20000 $2.25 $45,000 Total Cost of Goods Sold F=E+D 20000 $5.75 $115,000 Less: Sale in Domestic Market G 10000 $7.50 $75,000 Sale in Foreign Market H=F-G 10000 $4 $40,000 For some quantity of product, fixed cost may remain constant in the short run. On the other hand, in the long-run, the cost changes for the same level of production. Since the fixed cost are not identical, it is not possible to calculate the least cost in the long run. Therefore, it is required by the firm to shift the range of prices according to the changes in the fixed expenses. Since the firm would be experiencing the zero profit and zero loss situation, the new price for making selling in the long-run would be counted as smallest (Otley and Emmanuel 2013). Outside supplier profitability: The calculation below depicts the expected loss and gain arising from the acceptance of the offers by the external supplier. Calculation of Monthly Profit for Order from Outside Supplier:- Particulars Unit Cost per Unit Total Amount Sale to Outside Supplier 10000 $7.50 $75,000 Monthly Sales Revenue 10000 $7.50 $75,000 Costs of Purchase: Purchase from Outside Supplier 10000 $4.20 $42,000 Fixed Overhead 10000 $0.70 $7,000 Total Manufacturing Costs 10000 $4.90 $49,000 Marketing Costs: Variable Marketing Costs 10000 $1.10 $11,000 Fixed Marketing Costs 10000 $1.50 $15,000 Total Marketing Costs 10000 $2.60 $26,000 Total Cost of Goods Sold 10000 $7.50 $75,000 Monthly Net Profit 10000 $0.00 $0 The offer cannot generate any profit for the high cost of goods sold, per unit. Therefore, the firm should not accept this offer. Outside supplier profitability with the Rental plan: The calculation, below, depicts the net loss or profit of the firm, which results from serving its assets for generating rent and purchasing the sets from outside supplier: Calculation of Monthly Profit for Order from Outside Supplier Rent:- Particulars Unit Cost per Unit Total Amount Sale to Outside Supplier 10000 $7.50 $75,000 Rent from Building Car Parking $5,500 Monthly Sales Revenue 10000 $8.05 $80,500 Costs of Purchase: Purchase from Outside Supplier 10000 $4.20 $42,000 Fixed Overhead 10000 $0.70 $7,000 Total Manufacturing Costs 10000 $4.90 $49,000 Marketing Costs: Variable Marketing Costs 10000 $1.10 $11,000 Fixed Marketing Costs 10000 $1.50 $15,000 Total Marketing Costs 10000 $2.60 $26,000 Total Cost of Goods Sold 10000 $7.50 $75,000 Monthly Net Profit 10000 $0.55 $5,500 It can be stated from the above table that Parker Ltd. can gain higher profit than the current profit margin, if it accepts the offer from outside supplier and uses its facilities to earn rental income. Hence, Parket Ltd. should implement this plan. Conclusion: From the above analysis, it is concluded that the first offer present the higher profit concerning the present market strategy than the other offers of the company. Therefore, the firm should consider the recent policy of marketing. Nonetheless, the firm can acknowledge the offer by the educational institute. To penetrate in the foreign market, the profit percentage for the short term should be sacrificed by the organization. It may also purchase the sets from the outside supplier along with renting its building and car parking lot instead of manufacturing the sets. Reference and Bibliography: Fullerton, R.R., Kennedy, F.A. and Widener, S.K., 2013. Management accounting and control practices in a lean manufacturing environment.Accounting, Organizations and Society,38(1), pp.50-71. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013.Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Otley, D. and Emmanuel, K.M.C., 2013.Readings in accounting for management control. Springer. Yee, C.M. and Khin, E.W.S., 2015. Positivist Research and its Influence in Management Accounting Research.Journal of Accounting Perspectives,3(1).

Political Institutions And Their Effect On Economic Policy Essays

Political Institutions And Their Effect On Economic Policy ESSAY: Political Institutions and their Effect on Economic Policy Laura Lynn Wantz Political Science 182 Section #28 November 30, 2000 Imagine, if you will, a country with no political institutions. A country ruled by anarchy. What kind of economic policy would this country have or would it have one at all? Now imagine a country with highly powerful and regimented political institutions. What kind of economic policy would this country have? The two fictitious countries mentioned above would certainly have very different economic policies. The first would probably be lucky to even have an economic policy at all. Its citizens would live in a world of economic uncertainty, never knowing what their future may hold. On the other hand, the citizens of the second country, although possibly unhappy with their ruler, would at least have a pretty good idea of their economic future. These citizens would be able to place their money in banks and exchange it in international markets. They could save for their future without the fear of having everything taken from them at any given moment. What is it though that makes the economic policies of these countries so different? While there are clearly many factors that affect a country's economic policy, in this paper I would like to argue that the most important one is the presence or lack of strong political institutions. In the beginning large nations or political states did not exist. The law of the land was every man for himself. As time went on small bands of people began to form. In the beginning membership in such groups was voluntary, but those who joined soon learned of the benefits of cooperation. With time these bands became larger and larger and it was apparent that some groups were stronger than others. The strongest of these groups became what is known as roving bandits. (Olson 1993,568). If the roving bandits can be seen as the first form of political institution then the economic policy they enforced was one of chaos. They ravaged the countrysides taking whatever they felt they needed or wanted without any regard as to what would be left over for the next time they came through. As these roving bandits progressed they realized that if they were to settle in one area they could easily increase their profits. The gigantic increase in output that normally arises from the provision of a peaceful order and other public goods gives the stationary bandit a far larger take than he could obtain without providing government. (Ibid). The formation of governments and political institutions by roving bandits led to great economic policy changes. No longer playing the role of bandits these newly formed governments ditched their policy of taking what ever they could get their hands on and replaced it with a system of taking as much as they could without economically destroying their subjects. With the use of political institutions, such as, tax collectors the now stationary bandits were able to enforce a new economic policy. So, one could say that through the establishment of political institutions the bandits were able to completely transform their economic policy. Obviously, transitioning from a complete lack of political institutions to a system based in institutions is going to change economic policy, but in today's world there are very few places, if any, that completely lack political institutions. Interestingly enough not only is economic policy linked to the presence of political institutions it is also dependent upon the strength of each. Over the last couple of centuries the industrialized world has put into place thousands of political institutions. The state has become the most basic unit of political power. Through these institutions countries have been able to build national banks, stock markets, and economic tools such as the Federal Reserve. Through these institutions governments have been able to control the flow and value of their money. As history also tells us the most successful of these countries have been those whose political institutions are stable, predictable, and strong. The political institutions in these countries have been able to implement economic policies on a broad scale. From the socialism of Norway to the capitalism of the United States the point is that these policies would not have been possible without the presence of strong political institutions. The best way to prove this point, though, would have to be to ponder the question of what would happen to the economic policies of these countries if their institutions were to be weakened considerably? It may seem logical to prove that the strength of political institutions is directly related to economic policy by citing examples of

A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry

A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry This play starts with the younger family waiting for the arrival of the check. The check is on life insurance and is to be given to Lena due to the death of her husband. The family lives in an extremely tiny room where this play takes place. Children of Lena are Walter Lee and Beneatha.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Walter is married to Ruth while Beneatha thinks of studying and become a doctor in the future. On the other hand, Walter Lee works as a chauffeur. Every member of the family does not want to work with the money. Walter is working together with men from a low social level. However, he is seriously obsessed with money and feels that life is tremendously unfair especially for his wife and children. Therefore, he decides to start a business with two men. This is a clear indication that he wants to get money very fast. In colleg e, Beneatha is courted by two men, George and Joseph. George is a person who is rich and is concerned with the materialist things. On the other hand, Joseph is an African who admires Beneatha’s intelligence and spirituality. This younger family likes George just because he is rich. Afterward, when the check reaches, Lena realizes that the amount of insurance is to take part of her husband. The family advises her to do what she wishes with the money. Walter tells his mother to give him the money arguing that his wife, Ruth is pregnant. Mama makes her mind to pay part of the money for a good house in Clybourne to act as life security for Wilter’s son in future. He pleads with his mother to give him the rest of the money. The whole family is deeply hurt by the fact he misused the money instead of paying his sister’s school fees. Afterwards, Joseph Asagai comes in and helps the family in packing. He finds Beneatha terribly disheartened and asks her get married to hi m. Afterwards, Walter is transformed to a very mature man. The whole family is truly happy; they live the, old, tiny, house and go to live in Clybourne Park (Sussman, Linda, Hansberry, Friedland, and Rikki Kessler). Dreams of Walter, Beneatha, Ruth, and Mama Walter loves money and, therefore, his dream is to continue satisfying his family’s needs. His love for money and his hard work with the street men and his plan to do business with two men are a clear indication of his dream. Wilter asks for the insurance money in order for him to work with it and raise his family’s standards of living. In the play, Beneatha has a dream to study and become a doctor in the future. Mama has a dream of raising her family from poverty to a higher standard of living. Ruth’s dream is to see that her husband owns his own business and offers her the best basic needs. Mama is the most admirable character since she provides her children with unconditional love in a low social economic environment.Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This play indicates that there is the celebration of materialism as the younger family favors George who is rich. On consumerism, the family of Lena Younger celebrates the insurance money through paying medical school fees for Beneatha and giving a down payment for a good house where they finally move to live. This play does not promote the idea that blacks should want to be like whites. This is because Joseph, who is one of the boys that Beneatha was courting in college, did not lose his identity as an African man to marry her. He did not have to seize his African characters or culture for Beneatha to marry him. There are some conflicts in the play, whether internal or external. Wilter has internal conflict since he is not getting money to provide for his family. This goes on until the time he is seeking for two men to start his own business. This is a conflict that is not solved at any time. This is because he did not save the money his mother has given him for his family. On the hand, there is a conflict that is solved when Wilter is converted to manhood. Also, the conflict between Ruth and her husband does not end since she wants to abort. Wilter is trying to borrow money from his mother to solve this conflict problem but he ends up with no money. Gender issues in the play This is first presented by lack of peace in the family of Wilter Lee and Ruth. Her pregnancy is the one that is bringing this issue of lack of peace in the family. When Wilter uses his sister’s school fees to start his own business, he brings out a gender issue in the play. â€Å"A raisin in the sun† is a quote that has a great meaning in the play. It means that all characters in the play have dreams. First, one of the characters wants to move the family to larger home in, the future, the other oneâ€℠¢s dreams to become a doctor, while the one wants to improve his family’s living conditions. Sussman, Linda, Lorraine Hansberry, Joyce Friedland, and Rikki Kessler. Raisin in the sun [by] Lorraine Hansberry: a study guide. New Hyde Park, N.Y.: Learning Links, 1996. Print.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Australias Over the Past 50 Years essays

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Models of Celebrity Endorsement Strategy The selection of celebrity endorsers is not an easy task; many scholars have tried to create models in order to help for the right selecting of celebrity endorsers. Hovland et al (1953) conceptually contributed one of the earliest models, which is Source Credibility Model. Afterwords, the Source Attractiveness Model (McGuire, 1985), the Product Match-Up Hypothesis (Forkan, 1980; Kamins, 1989, 1990), and the Meaning Transfer Model (McCracken, 1989) was presented through empirically researchers in turn. The Source Credibility Model and Source Attractiveness Model are categorized under the generic name of Source Models since these two models basically show and reflect research of the Social Influence Theory/Source Effect Theory, which argues that various characteristics of a perceived communication source may have a beneficial effect on message receptivity (Kelman, 1961; Meenaghan, 1995). The source credibility model is based on research in social psychology (Hovland and Weiss, 1951-1952; Hovland, Jani, and Kelley, 1953). The Hovland version of model present that a message depends for its effectiveness on the expertness and trustworthiness of the source (Hovland et al., 1953, p.20; Dholakia and Sternthal, 1977; Sternthal, Dholakia, and Leavitt, 1978), which means that information from a credible source (e.g.celebrity) can influence beliefs, opinions, attitudes, and/or behavior via a process called internalization, which occurs when receivers accept a source influence in terms of their personal attitude and value structures (Erdogan, 1999). Expertness is defined as the extent to which a communicator is perceived to be a source of valid assertions and refers to the knowledge, experience or skills possessed by an endorser. Hovland et al (1953) and Ohanian (1991) believed that it does not really matter whether an endorser is an expert, but all that matters is how the target audience perceives the endorser. However, Aaker and Myers (1987) advocated a source/celebrity that is more expert to be more persuasive and to generate more intentions to buy the brand (Ohanian, 1991). Hence, expert sources influence perceptions of the products quality (Erdogan, 1999). Meanwhile; Speck et al (1988) found that expert celebrities produced higher recall of product information than non-expert celebrities, even though the difference was not statistically significant. Moreover, celebrities professional accomplishments and expertise may serve as a logical connection with the products, and consequently make the endorsement more believable to co nsumers (Till and Brusler, 2000). Trustworthiness refers to the honesty, integrity and believability of an endorser depending on target audience perceptions (Erdogan, 1999). Advertisers capitalize on the value of trustworthiness by selecting endorsers, who are widely regarded as honest, believable, and dependable (Shimp, 1997). Smith (1973) argues that consumers view untrustworthy celebrity endorsers as questionable message sources regardless of their qualities. Friedman, et al (1978) addressed that trustworthiness is the major determinant of source credibility and then tried to discover that likability was the most important attribute of trust. Thus, they recommended advertisers to select personalities who are well liked when a trustworthy celebrity is desired to endorse brands. However, Ohanian (1991) found that trustworthiness of a celebrity was not significant related to customers intentions to buy an endorsed ethnic status could affect endorser trustworthiness and brand attitudes, because people trust endorsers who are similar to them. Their findings implied that when targeting particular ethnic groups such as Africans and Asians, ethnic background should be carefully evaluated. Measuring source credibility in selecting celebrity It is quite reasonable to make sense that a sources credibility is totally subjective, but research shows that in spite of individual preferences, a high degree of agreement exists among individuals (Berscheid et al, 1971). Patzer (1983) developed the Truth-of-Consensus method to assess a sources credibility and attractiveness. The method is based on the foundation that individuals judgments of attractiveness and credibility are naturally subjective, but these judgments are shaped through Gestalt principles of person perception rather than single characteristics. Notably, on the basis of extensive literature review and statistical tests, Ohanian (1990) constructed a tri- component celebrity endorser credibility scale, (see figure) which assumes that credibility and effectiveness of celebrity endorsers is associated with given characteristic dimensions, even though McCracken (1989) argued that the celebrity world consists of much more just attractive and credible individuals. Table 2: Source Credibility Scale Attractiveness Trustworthiness Expertise Attractive-Unattractive Trustworthy-Untrustworthy Expert-Not Expert Classy-Not Classy Dependable-Undependable Experience-Inexperienced Beautiful-Ugly Honest-Dishonest Knowledgeable-Unknowledgeable Elegant-Plain Reliable-Unreliable Qualified-Unqualified Sexy-Not Sexy Sincere-Insincere Skilled-Unskilled Source: Ohanian, R (1990) Construction and validation of a scale to measure celebrity endorsers perceived expertise, trustworthiness and attractiveness, Journal of Advertising, p39-52 The Source Attractiveness Model Advertisers have chosen celebrity on the basis of their attractiveness to gain from dual effects of celebrity status and physical appeal (Singer, 1983). Meanwhile, research showed that physically attractive endorsers are more successful at changing beliefs (Baker and Chrurchill, 1977; Chaiken, 1979; Debevec and Kernan, 1984) and generating purchase intentions (Friedman et al, 1976; Petroshius and Schuman, 1989; Petty and Cacioppo, 1980) than those unattractive individuals. Hence, McGuire (1985) conducted an empirical research to contend that the effectiveness of a message depends on similarity, familiarity and liking for an endorser. The McGuire (1985) model holds that sources that are known to, liked by, and/or similar to the consumer are attractive and, persuasive. The source attractiveness model also rests on social psychological research (McCracken, 1989). Meanwhile, Cohen and Golden (1972) suggested that physical attractiveness of an endorser determines the effectiveness of persuasive communication through a process called identification, which is assumed to occur when information from an attractive source is accepted as a result of desire to identify with such endorsers. Petty and Cacioppo (1980) conducted attractiveness of endorsers in terms of a shampoo advertisement to comprehend effectiveness of advertising message types. In 1983, Petty et al replicated the earlier study in 1980. Their findings emphasize the interaction between involvement level and endorser type. Under low-involvement conditions, the endorser type had a significant impact on attitudes towards the product even though no impact was found on behavioral intentions. With respect to recall and recognition measures, findings indicated that exposure to celebrity endorsers increased recall of the product category only under low-involvement conditions. Besides, the endorser type manipulation revealed that celebrities had marginally significant impact on brand name recall over typical citizens. Patzer (1985: p30) stated that physical attractiveness is an information cue; involves effects that are subtle, pervasive, and inescapable; produces a definite pattern of verifiable differences; and transcends culture in its effects. Patzer argues that people usually inflate their own attractiveness so that attractive endorsers should be more effective than average looking endorsers. Kahle and Homer (1985) operated celebrity physical attractiveness and likability and measured attitude and purchase intentions on the same product: Edge razors. Findings indicated that participants exposed to an attractive celebrity liked the product more than participants exposed to an unattractive celebrity. Recall for the brand was greater both in attractive and likeable celebrity conditions. However, unlikeable celebrities unexpectedly performed better on recognition measures than likeable and attractive celebrities. Meanwhile, findings proved that an attractive celebrity created more purchase intentions than unattractive celebrity, but conversely an unlikeable celebrity produced more intentions to buy the product than a likeable celebrity. Quite significantly, studies by Cabalero (1989) and Till and Brusler (1998) demonstrate that positive feelings towards advertising and products do not necessarily translate into actual behavior or purchase intentions. A possible reason for the lack of celebrity endorsers effect on intentions to purchase is that celebrity endorsement seems to work on the cognitive and affective components of attitudes rather than the behavioral components (Baker and Churchill, 1977; Fireworker and Friedman, 1977). In terms of gender impact between endorsers and target audience, Debevec and Kernan (1984) found that attractive female model generated more enhanced attitudes than attractive male models across both genders and particularly among males. Conversely, Cabalero et al (1989) found that males showed greater intentions to buy from male endorsers and females hold greater intentions to purchase from female endorsers. Furthermore, Baker and Churchill (1977) found a rather unexpected interaction among female models, product type and intentions to purchase products among male subjects. For instance, when the endorsed product was coffee, an unattractive female model created more intentions to buy the product than her attractive counterpart among males, whereas when it was perfume or aftershave, male reacted more positively to an attractive female model. However, Petroshius and Schulman (1989) found that endorsement gender had no impact on attitudes towards advertisements and no major impact on i ntentions to buy products. Consequently, based on above disparate and controversial arguments, there is no consistent and coherent direction in terms of gender interactions between endorsers and target audiences to aid practitioners. In brief, it is apparent that attractive celebrity endorsers enhance attitudes and recall towards advertising and brands than unattractive celebrity endorsers, however there is no consistent agreement in relation to creating purchase intentions, even though a few studies found that celebrities can create purchase intentions. Multiple celebrity endorsement Millions of dollars are spent per annum on celebrity endorsement contracts on the basis that source effects play an important part in convincing communications. Although traditional advertising knowledge suggests the meaning of an elite product contract with the celebrity, uniqueness comes with a high price label. As a result, it is becoming familiar for companies to share stars (Elliott, 1991; Sloan and Freeman, 1988). For example, former Chicago Bulls star Michael Jordan has endorsed products for 14 companies (Lipman and Hinge, 1991), and golfer Lee Trevino has had endorsement contracts with Cadillac, Motorola Cellular Phone, Spalding Top-Flight, and La Victoria Salsa (Shatel, 1991). Multiple product endorsements set up new questions relating to our understanding of how consumers react to celebrity endorsements. If as McCracken (1989, p.311) suggests, the celebrity endorser takes on meanings that carry from ad to ad, does endorsing multiple products affect those assigned meanings such that the consumer perceives the celebrity to be less credible and less likable (Kaikati, 1987)? Do consumers have less positive approaches toward ads and brands if multiple product endorsements are involved? What consequence do multiple product endorsements have on consumers buying aims? Does the number of products endorsed restrain the effect of frequent publicity to the celebrity endorser (Tripp, 1994)? Practical proof concerning how consumers react to multiple product endorsement is restricted, leaving unanswered issues in an important research ground. It is known the act of multiple product endorsements guides to certain impressions about celebrity. Early studies (i.e. Mowen and Brown 1981; Mowen, Brown, and Schulman 1979) suggest that simply knowing that a celebrity endorses multiple products is satisfactory to decay consumers insights of endorser honesty, as well as a brand and ad evaluations. Given a limited knowledge of how the endorsement process works (McCracken, 1989), these are clearly issues with theoretical value. The current study independently manipulated the number of exposures to a celebrity in a way different from previous studies in order to investigate the effects of continual exposure to the multiple product endorsers on consumer responses. The apply of actual stimulus is important since exposure to multiple product endorsers (vs. knowledge only) may result in effects different from multiple product endorsement effects. For example, attribution theory (Kelley, 1973) suggests that assumptions may result in consumers evaluating multiple product endorsers less favorable than single product endorsers. According to Kelley, observers identify an actors action to be characteristic when it happens in the presence of a unit and does not occur to its absence. In the case of endorsements, single product endorsements (even if viewed multiple times) compose characteristic actions since spokesperson endorses one brand and not other brands or products. In contrast, multiple product endorsements compose non distinctive actions because the endorsements take a broad view across products with the celebrity constant. Limited of the number of exposures to the endorser, this non distinctiveness may result in consumers concluding that the nature of the spokesperson was the reason for the endorsement, not the nature of product. Although multiple product endorsements (i.e. non distinctive actions) influence perceptions of the spokespersons credibility (i.e, internal attributions), the spotlight of external attributions for single product endorsements (i.e.. distinctive actions) is not obvious. Witnesses of a spokesperson who endorses only a single product may or may not trait the endorsement to the product itself (e.g. product quality). The product repr esents only one cause for the endorsement. Other potential causes for the endorsement exist (e.g., popularity of the endorser; endorsers ties to the product, company, or advertising agency; money paid to the endorser) (Tripp, 1994). In this respect, multiple product endorsements may lead to attribute suggestions about nature of the spokesperson (e.g. traits such as greediness) and, in turn, pressure such manifestations of affect as credibility and likability (Weiner, 1985). Moreover, affect may lead to comparative preferences or be short of of preferences toward associated stimulus (Bara and Ray, 1985) such as the ad or brand. Attribution theory may be used to make clear consumers assumptions about the reasons for a product endorsers support (Folkes, 1988). Commonly, when exposed to a single endorsement, consumers attribute the support to an external cause (e.g. a financial reason). However, the frequency of an action and the actions with which it co varies form the basis of many attributions (Folkes, 1988). Since a multiple product endorser is seen repeatedly and in different contexts, examination of the relationship between the number of exposures to the celebrity, endorser likability, and credibility is a critical consideration. Berlynes (1970) two-factor paradigm suggests that increased exposure to a stimulus results in a more favorable response initially due to a learning factor. At some higher number of exposures, however, a negative response (possibly due to tedium) begins to predominate. Taken together, these two theoretical ideas suggests that the number of products endorsed and the number of expo sures to the endorser may interact such that the number of products endorsed moderates the effect of number of exposures. Thus, inclusion of actual exposure allows for the first tests of any multiple product endorsement effects on both dimensions of credibility and likability beyond that due to repeated exposure to the endorser (Tripp, 1994). The product Match-Up hypothesis Forkan (1980) and Kamins (1990) conducted empirical experiment to test the Product Match-up Hypothesis, which contends that messages conveyed by celebrity image and the product message should be congruent for effective advertising. The determinant pf the match between celebrity and brand depends on the degree of perceived fit between brand such as brand name and attributes and celebrity image (Misra, 1990). Advertising a product via a celebrity who has a relatively high product congruent image leads to greater advertiser and celebrity believability (Levy, 1959; Kamins and Gupta, 1994; Kotler, 1997). Importance of proper match-up between celebrities and products has been emphasized. From practitioners perspective, a senior vice president of a leading beverage company states that celebrities are an unnecessary risk unless they are very logically related to products (Watkins, 1989). Another practitioner quoted by Bertrand and Todd (1992) argued that if there is a combination of an appropriate tie-in between the companys product and the celebritys persona, reputation or the line of work that the celebrity is in, advertisers can get both the fame and the tie-in working for them. Meanwhile, many studies report that consumers also expect congruity between celebrity endorsers perceived images and their endorsed products (Callcoat and Phillips, 1996; Ohanian, 1991; OMahony and Meenaghan, 1997). Otherwise, Evans (1988) argued that if celebrities do not have a distinct and specific relationship to the product they endorse, the use of celebrities could produce the Vampire effect which happens when the audience remembers the celebrity, but not the product or service. Meanwhile, the absence of connection between celebrity endorsers and products endorsed may lead consumers to the belief that the celebrity has been bought to endorse the product/service (Erdogan, 1999). Significantly, the proper match-up between a celebrity and a product has been based on celebrity physical attractiveness, and the match-up hypothesis predicts that attractive celebrities are more effective when endorsing products used to enhance ones attractiveness (Kahle and Homer, 1985; Kamins, 1990). Research also identifies that characteristics of a celebrity interact positively with the nature of the product endorsed (Friedman and Friedman, 1979; Kamins, 1990; Lynch and Schuler, 1994). Choi and Nora (2005), who used a cognitive approach that focuses on consumers attributions of celebrity endorsement motives, emphasized that the level of celebrity and product congruence will influence celebrity endorsement effectiveness through the process of consumer attributions of the celebritys motive for associating him or herself with the particular product and the subsequent effect of these attributions on the consumer evaluations of the endorser, the advertising, and the brand involved in the endorsement. Surprisingly, Kamins and Gupta (1994) found that the match-up between a celebrity endorser and the endorsed brand also enhances the celebrity endorsers believability and favorable attitudes (Till et al, 2006). Friedman and Friedman (1978) found that celebrity endorsers are more appropriate where product purchases involve high social and psychological risk. Meanwhile, Kamins (1989) and Kamins, et al (1989) found that celebrity endorsers were able to generate desired effects on high financial and performance risk products/services such as management consultation and computers. Conversely, Callcoat and Phillips (1996) reported that consumers are generally influenced by endorsers if products are inexpensive, low-involving and few differences are perceived among available brands. As a result, these contradictory arguments lead to the conclusion that advertising is a powerful mechanism of meaning transfer that virtually any product can be made to take any meaning (McCrackens 1987; OMahony and Meenaghan, 1997). The almost studies in terms of evaluating celebrities endorser and endorsed products/brands are using consumer samples. Only one study by Miciak and Shanklin (1994) investigation considered advertising practitioners when choosing celebrity endorsers based on a small sample including 21 agencies and 22 company practitioner. Remarkably, more recently, Erdogan et al (2001) investigated a larger sample that is the 300 largest British advertising agencies (Campaigh, 1997) to consider important celebrity characteristics from the practitioners perspective when selecting an endorser by conducting exploratory interviews and a mail survey. Their findings provide implications for both theory and practice. At the theoretical level, the research firstly shows that managers do not see celebrities as undimensional individuals such as attractive and credible when selecting celebrity endorsers, because celebrities are different unknown endorsers as they represent a variety of meanings that are drawn from the roles they assume in television, film, politics, and so on (McCracken, 1989). Secondly, managers have implicitly incorporated the findings of product match-up hypothesis research in their decision-making. On the other hand, for practitioners, as none of the advertising agencies had any written documentation regarding celebrity endorsement strategy, Erdogan et al (2001) set the criteria through providing a possible check list of factors in Table 3 below, when practitioners select celebrity endorsers. However, DeSarbo and Harshman (1985) argue that neither the source credibility and attractiveness nor the match-up research is adequate in providing a heuristic for appropriate celebrity endorser selection, although the Match-Up Hypothesis extends beyond attractiveness and credibility towards a consideration and matching of the entire image of the celebrity with the endorsed brand and the target audience. The Meaning Transfer Model McCracken (1989) organized an empirical research evaluating effectiveness of the endorser depends upon the meaning the person brings to the endorsement process in part. McCracken (1989) and Brierley (1995) pointed out that the number and variety of the meanings contained in celebrities are very large, which includes status, class, gender, and age and personality and lifestyles types, more importantly, the cultural meanings existing in a celebrity go beyond the person and are passed on to the products. Fortini-Campbell (1992) argues that products just like people have personalities, and claims that people consume brands with personality characteristics like their own or ones they aspire to possess in celebrities. Similarly, according to Fowles (1996), advertisers rationale for hiring celebrities to endorse products is that people consume images of celebrities, and advertisers hope that people will also consume products associated with celebrities. Celebrity endorsement actually is a special instance of a more general process of meaning transfer (McCracken, 1989). This process is a conventional path for the movement of cultural meaning in consumer societies through formation of celebrity image, transfer of meaning from celebrity to product, and from product to consumers. McCracken (1988) defined that meaning begins as something resident in the culturally constituted world, in the physical and social world constituted by the categories and principles of the prevailing culture. Furthe rmore, McCracken (1989) found that several instruments facilitate this transfer. Firstly, the movement of meanings from the culturally constituted world to consumer goods is accomplished by advertising and the fashion system. Then, the movement of meanings from consumer goods to the individual consumer is accomplished through the efforts of the consumers. Hence, meaning circulates in the consumer society. Besides, McCracken (1986) argued that advertising is one of the instruments to move meanings from culture, to consumers, to goods; this movement is accomplished by the efforts of promotional agencies. Similarly, Domzal and Kerman (1992) claimed that advertising is an integral part of social systems, whose function is to communicate the culturally constructed meaning of products to consumers. As the figure 1 shows, the meaning that begins in the dramatic role of the celebrity resides in the celebrity themselves in stage 1. In stage 2, this meaning is transferred when the celebrity enters into an advertisement with a product, and some of the meanings of the celebrity are now the meanings of the product. In the final stage, the meaning moves from the product to the consumer. Notably, celebrity endorsement makes a very particular contribution to each of these three stages in meaning transfer process. In sum, as McCracken (1989) suggested, the meaning transfer model presented is intended to demonstrate that the secret of the celebrity endorsement is largely cultural in nature, and that the study of the celebrity endorsement is improved by a cultural perspective. Consequently, advertisers should assess the culture that encompasses a celebrity to determine whether these meanings are feasible for brands/products in order to achieve effectiveness of the endorser. Definition of celebrities Celebrities are people who enjoy public recognition by a big share of a certain group of people. Whereas characteristic like attractiveness, amazing lifestyle or special skills are just examples and specific common characteristics cannot be observed, it can be said that within a analogous social group celebrities generally vary from the social standard and enjoy a high degree of public awareness. This is factual for classic forms of celebrities, like actors (e.g. Meg Ryan, Pierce Brosnan), models (e.g. Naomi Campbell, Gisele Buendchen), sports athletes (e.g. Anna Kournikova, Michael Schumacher), entertainers (e.g. Oprah Winfrey, Conan OBrien) and pop stars (e.g. Madonna, David Bowie) but also for less obvious groups like businessmen (e.g. Donald Trump, Bill Gates) or politicians (e.g. Rudy Giuliani, Lee Kuan Yew). Celebrities appear in public in different ways. First, they appear in public when satisfying their profession, e.g. Pete Sampras, who plays tennis in front of an audience in Wimbledon. Furthermore, celebrities appear in public by attending special celebrity events, e.g. the Academy Awards, or world premieres of movies. In addition, they are present in news, fashion magazines, and tabloids, which offer second source information on events and the private life of celebrities through mass-media channels (e.g. Fox 5 news covering Winona Ryders trial on shoplifting, InStyle). Last but not least, celebrities work as spokespersons in advertising to endorse products and services (Kambitsis et al. 2002, Tom et al. 1992). Advantages and disadvantages of celebrity endorsement strategy Potential Advantages Potential Disadvantages Preventive Tactics Assisting product  marketing and  increased attention Overshadow the brand Pre-testing and careful planning Image polishing Public controversy Buying insurance and putting  provision clauses in contracts Brand introduction Image change and  overexposure Explaining what is their role and  putting clause to restrict  endorsements for other brands Brand repositioning Image change and loss of  public recognition Examining what life-cycle stage  the celebrity is in and how long  this stage is likely to continue Underpin global  campaigns Expensive Selecting celebrity who are  appropriate for global target  audience, not because they are  hot in all market audience Source: Erdogan, B.Z (1999) Celebrity endorsement: A literature review, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol 15, p295 Mathur et al (1997) state a variety of reasons that firms use celebrity endorsers including that firms may feel that the life experiences of endorsers fit the advertising message, that the endorser has high appeal with the firms target consumer group, or that the endorsers universal appeal makes the advertising universal. Celebrity endorsement can bring out several positive effects. They are that advertisements become believable (Kamins et al, 1989), message recall is enhanced (Friedman and Friedman, 1979), recognition and perception of brand names is improved and attitudes about products with low purchase involvement are affected (Petty et al, 1983; Till et al, 2006), positive attitudes about brands results (Kamins et al, 1989), and distinct personalities and appeals for products and brands are created (McCracken, 1989; Dickenson, 1996). Moreover, celebrity endorsements are believed to generate a greater likelihood of customers choosing the endorsed brand (Heath et al, 1994; Kahle a nd Homer, 1985; Ohanian, 1991). As a result the use of celebrity endorsement is an advertising strategy that should enhance the marginal value of advertisement expenditures and create brand equity by means of the secondary association of a celebrity with a brand (Keller, 1993). Meanwhile, research indicates that celebrity endorsements can result in more favorable advertisement ratings and product evaluations (Dean and Biswas, 2001). Some of the most difficult aspects of global marketing to gasp are host countries cultural roadblocks such as time, space, language, relationships, power, risk, masculinity and femininity (Mooij, 1994; Hosfsted, 1984). Under this situation, celebrity endorsements are a powerful device by which to enter foreign markets; and celebrities with world-wide popularity can help companies break through many such roadblocks (Erdogan, 1999). On the other hand, there are also many potential disadvantages and hazards in utilizing celebrities as endorsers as a part of marketing communication strategy. Firstly, benefits of using celebrities can reverse markedly if they for example, suddenly change image, fall popularity, get into a situation of moral turpitude, lose credibility by over-endorsing or overshadow endorsed products (Cooper, 1984; Kaikati, 1987). Secondly, negative information about a celebrity endorser not only influences consumers perception of the celebrity, but also the endorsed product (Klebba and Unger, 1982; Till and Shimp, 1995). Thirdly, another common concern is that consumers will focus their attention on the celebrity and fail to notice the brand being promoted (Rossiter and Percy, 1987). Fourthly, celebrities who are blamed for negative events such as accidents can have detrimental influence on the products they endorse (Louie and Obermiller, 2002). Besides, Mowen and Brown (1981) argue that if a celebritys image ties in with many brands/ products, impact and indentify with each product may reduce since the relationship between the celebrity and a particular brand is not distinctive. This can not only compromise the value of the celebrity in the eyes of stars fans (Graham, 1989), but also can make consumers to think the real nature of endorsement that has less to do with the brand/product attributes, and more to do with generous compensation for the celebrity, leading consumers to overt doubt about their motives, so as to cause the negative influences on consumer attitudes and purchase intentions among the multiple products endorsed by celebrities (Cooper, 1984; Tripp et al, 1994). The f

Death of a Salesman Idealism and Truth Essay

?Idealism describes the belief or pursuit of a perfect vision often based upon unrealistic principles. This pursuit is often contrasted and opposed by truth. The truth and reality in an individual’s life is what enables this person to remain grounded and down to earth. An individual must set themselves high expectations in order to be their best, but they must also acknowledge the fact that everything they desire is not achievable. The imbalance of idealism and truth in an individual’s life can have calamitous effects. It is significant in an individual’s life because it can lead to the deterioration of an individual’s sanity, destruction of family relationships and ultimately death. This is exemplified in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, by Willy Loman. Willy spends his whole life pursuing the American Dream. This pursuit leaves him in debt and lacking less than a sliver of sanity. This man lacks the capacity to face the truth; the reality of his situation. The negative effect that his dream has on his family and life is simply overlooked and ignored. As Willy’s life swerves out of control, he tumbles deeper into the abyss of his idealism, to a point of no return. The inability for an individual to achieve a single-minded dream can lead to the deterioration of their sanity. In Willy’s case, he has spent his whole life pursuing the American Dream; a dream that is impossible to achieve. His inability to cope with the failure of his life at first simply causes him to feel lost, but eventually causes him to go insane. Ironically enough this man, so set on having the perfect life, has an affair with a secretary of one of the buyer. This is simply a financial transaction of gifts for sex and access to the buyers. Willy does this to escape the truth of his life, and in the process completely contradicts his goals. In an attempt to protect himself from the reality of his life, he goes into self-protection mode. His own mind morphs his memories to achieve and establish his desires. Willy’s constant flashbacks lay the groundwork to support that he is becoming senile and that his idealistic tendencies caused him to lose the ability to recognize reality from illusion. Willy is a very insecure individual, and he tries to make himself look better by lying to himself and his family. In his world of delusion, Willy is a hugely successful man. He disguises his profound anxiety and self-doubt with extreme arrogance. Biff nails it on the head when he points out the fact that Willy â€Å"had all the wrong dreams. All, all, wrong. † The overpowering pursuit of idealism over truth can lead an individual to lack the ability to cope with reality. Willy has a lot of potential, but he also has a whopping case of self-deception paired with misguided life goals. He has based his whole life on supporting others and does not know how to live any other way. The effect of lacking a manly figure during his youthful development is substantial effect in how Willy raises his own sons. In Willy’s pursuit of the American Dream, he clearly instills in his sons that being well-liked is more important than character. By emphasizing likability as being the most desirable quality for success he places a higher premium on outward projection over inner strength of character. He simply passes on these unrealistic qualities to his sons. â€Å"I never in my life told him anything but decent things. † Willy’s memories reveal that the values with which he raised his sons has made Biff comes to consider himself exceptional and entitled to whatever he wants regardless of how hard he works or whether it harms others. Biff’s perfect illusion is shattered when he discovers that his father is having an affair and he feels hateful and confused about his father’s actions. His excessive pursuit of idealism shatters Willy’s relationship with his son; this is something that he does not have the ability to repair. Willy’s pursuit of idealism in his life was extremely unrealistic and eventually prevented him from having the ability to see the truth in life. He spent his whole life trying to provide for his family. He wanted the life of a salesman. To be well-liked and have a massive funeral when he dies. The reality is that he spent his whole life pursuing unrealistic dreams based on negative personal values. Willy himself points out that he’s â€Å"worth more dead than alive. † It’s quite tragic that Willy believes he has to kill himself to feel that he is worth something to his family. The reality of the situation is that his death is in vain. The Loman’s only had one more payment left on the house, and don’t actually need the money anymore. But in his blinded illusion, Willy cannot see through or cope with his failure. This causes him to believe that he is worth nothing more alive and kills himself to enable his family to collect his life insurance money. The unevenness of idealism and truth in an individual’s life can lead to the loss of sanity, deterioration of relationships and even death. By having a good balanced of idealism and truth, there is a greater potential that an individual will discover contentment in life. While pursuing an ideal, an individual may be confronted with truth that must be recognized, and if ignored will have cataclysmic effect. Idealism provides a good source of motivation to strive for excellence and truth reminds us that we are all flawed. Together, with an appropriate balance of both, you have the tools to live a life happy.

Community Health Advocacy Essay

The levels of prevention in epidemiology help provide a framework for health professionals to intervene and prevent disease, injury, or disability. What is epidemiology? The World Health Organization (2014) states â€Å"epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events and the application of the study to the control of disease and other health problems† (para. 1). The National Asthma Education and Prevention Guidelines data showed that exacerbations of acute asthma episodes have gotten more severe over the years (Dougherty & Fahy, 2009). In 2010, one out of eleven children was diagnosed with asthma (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Children are presenting with a combination of symptoms that show an increase in severity with expiratory airflow and decreased lung function testing (Dougherty & Fahy, 2009). When children present with shortness, wheezing, chest tightness or cough in school, the student has to report to the school nurse for their asthma protocol treatment ordered by a physician. If symptoms are not easily controlled, the child may have to be treated in and outpatient setting. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014), children missed a total of ten million days of school and cost the United States fifty-six billion dollars a year for treatment. In 2009, the yearly average cost was $1,039 per child with asthma. The Healthy People 2020 made pediatric asthma an initiative due to the increasing prevalence and cost in the United States. Epidemiology Framework The epidemiology framework consists of three levels of prevention; primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary prevention strive to reduce the occurrence rate of new cases in disease. Primary prevention approach to promoting a healthier lifestyle is to emphasize on educating individuals on risk factors  and protective strategies. A primary prevention strategy for asthma patient is educating on avoiding cigarette smoke, insect allergens, molds and pet dander (Agency for Toxic Substance & Disease Registry, 2010). Secondary prevention concentrates on early recognition and fast treatment of the disease. This level of prevention focuses on slowing down the progression of the disease process and decreasing the impact of the disease process on an individual or community. There are a number interventions that one can do to reduce the exposure to allergens, pollutants, or irritants that may trigger an asthma episode. Schools and homes may use a free standing air purifier for rooms, purchase a vacuum with an HEPA filter or us an HEPA filter in the air duct system. These systems help to eliminate animal dander, smoke, air pollution, molds, dust mites, and animal allergens. Several schools have introduces reading dogs in the elementary schools to reduce the fear of reading. Depending on the severity of the allergy, the student many not be able to be in the classroom. Families can select a pet that has low dander levels. It is difficult to get out dander and dust particles out of the carpet, hardwood floor may need to replace the carpet. Tobacco smoking affects approximately forty-two percent of children between the age ages of two months to eleven years of age (Agency for toxic substances & Disease Registry, 2010). Educated tobacco smokers the effects that tobacco smoke can have on the respiratory system in people of all ages. Tertiary Prevention strategies is implemented to stabilize and restoring functionality from damage that has resulted from a chronic disease. Education on medication compliance for pediatric patients and families is key for this level of prevention. Ecosystem Model The ecosystem of children’s health is a complex model that has the child and family at the center of the core (Friedman, 2010). Circling the center core are individuals and organizations that interrelate closely with the child and family such as schools, faith community, doctors, community services, and environment (Friedman, 2010). The further circle in the model are health insurance agencies, businesses, philanthropy, and research (Friedman, 2010). The model identifies several areas that impacts childhood asthma. First looking at the genetics of the child and then assessing the social, natural, and built environments that influence acute asthma attacks for the  child. These are all areas that need to be closely examines to figure out why children are having amplified severity during an acute asthma attacks. Frequency and duration of asthma attacks affect children’s social and academic life. Reference Asthma. (2014). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cdc.gov/asthma/children.htm Daugherty, R. & Fahy, J. (2009). Acute exacerbations of asthma: epidemiology, biology and the exacerbation-prone phenotype. Clinic & Experimental Allergy, 39(2), 193-202. Environmental triggers of asthma treatment, management and prevention. (2010). Agency for toxic substances & Disease Registry. Retrieved from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=18&po=9 Epidemiology. (2014). World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/epidemiology/en/ Friedman, R. (2010). How do we bring it all together? Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 73(2). Retrieved from https://www.centerforchildrenshealth.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/CCHAPSReports/CC HAPS-Asthma-WhitePaper.pdf

The satirical representation Essays

The satirical representation Essays The satirical representation Essay The satirical representation Essay An exploration of the satiric representation of mens perceptions of self in Chekhovs Three Sisters and Molii res The School For Wives Perspective affects any judgement, and there is no more biased perspective on a person than from inside that persons mind. Self perceptions can become so grossly distorted that they only have a tenuous bearing on reality. This is an idea represented in the plays Three Sisters and The School For Wives, particularly within the male characters. The men often have the inclination for mental flights of fancy, seeing themselves as who they would like to be, rather than who they are. The School For Wives by Molii re was written in 17th century France, and fits within the genre of French farce. Through the action of the play, Molii re gives us an insight into the greatly distorted world of Arnolphe. Arnolphe has developed an unrealistic yet comforting perception of himself, stemming from his perceived status and respectability and, more importantly, his fear of cuckoldry. Throughout the play Molii re constructs a variety of hilarious traps for Arnolphe to fall into, these downfalls serving to satirize Arnolphe. Arnolphe, unmarried due to his fear of being cuckolded by an independent wife, attempts to construct his version of the perfect wife with Agnes. He describes her as being innocent, ignorant, loyal, A virgin page for me to write upon. Molii re portrays Arnolphe as believing he has absolute control of who Agnes becomes and what she does as though he is her deity. Molii re emphasises this further when Arnolphe reads her a set of commandments from a book Some Rules For Wives. He orders her to say them to me daily / when you say your prayers. However, Molii re amusingly sabotages this by having Agnes innocently, yet snappily retort to every commandment. Molii re cuts the reading short by Horaces comically timed knocking on the door, responded to with ecstatic joy from Agnes, who exclaims My Coxcomb! Ironically, as Arnolphes continued efforts to tame her fail, he becomes so desperate that he kneels and grovels before her in a comical, exaggerated manner, saying, Im your slave. Molii re satirizes Arnolphes perceived control over her through inverting the dichotomy of master and servant, husband and wife.

April Morning essays

April Morning essays April Morning was an interesting book concerning a young man, Adam Cooper, and the trials and tribulations of his taking part in the Battle of Lexington. The story takes place mostly in Adams home town of Lexington, Massachusetts, but also partially on the surrounding roads and countryside. The novel opens with a glimpse into the daily life of the Cooper family. As Adam com-ments on the harsh perfectionist opprobrium of his father, I find myself drawn to his side of the issue. Adam confuses his fathers constant animadversion with the feeling that his father hates him. These feelings of hate are somewhat annulled by Granny, Adams grandmother and confi-dant. She tells him that, since she has known Moses Cooper longer than anyone, she knows that he really loves Adam. This is further exerted when Adam overhears a conversation between his par-ents. All this was happening with the rumblings of war nearby. The British taxes and tariffs were intensifying and by then most New England towns had their own local governments called Committees. These Committees were supported by local community leaders who also organized a town militia. When word reached Lexington that a British army landed, the local militia was mustered through much urging by Moses Cooper and Jonas Parker, the Captain of the Militia. They pushed for a marshaling of the soldiers for completely different reasons, however. Moses stood firm by the principles of freedom and common human decency. Jonas Parker simply felt that because he was chosen to be Captain of the Militia, it was his right, duty, and obligation to be out for the blood of any redcoat crossing into Lexington, Massachusetts. In any case, the British came to Lexington. The town representatives went to parlay with them. Jonas Parker, Moses Cooper, the Reverend, and Simon Casper, a confrontational battle ad-vocate, were there in front of three mounted British officers. All they...

Management of Acute Post Operative Pain in a Clinical setting, by Assignment

Management of Acute Post Operative Pain in a Clinical setting, by third year nursing students - Assignment Example These reflections and observations are later assimilated and put into abstract concepts thus producing new implications for action which can be actively tested and in turn creating new experiences. In a clinical setting, instructors or teachers are expected to apply the four stage learning cycle which is a theory by Kolb. The four categories as stipulated by Kolb are concept experimentation (CE), reflective observation (RO), abstract conceptualization (AC) and lastly active experimentation (AE). Since the learning session is in sort of a discussion in a classroom, the teacher will be required to theoretically elaborate on the four stages or processes towards achieving knowledge (Kolb 2001). For instance the teacher would display an image showing how a doctor attends to a patient and the various processes that are carried out during the treatment procedure. If the learning session was practical, the students would be required to reflectively and keenly observe what the doctor is doing . This would in turn make them absorb any useful information from the experience and thus they would be in apposition to conceptualize the treatment procedure that they witnessed. ... Immediate of concrete experiences lead to observations as well as reflections. The following mentioned reflections are then internalized and translated into abstract concepts just like it has been elaborated thereon earlier, with implications for appropriate exercise which the student can actively experiment with. This further creates space for new experiences. Teaching with patients Teaching in a clinical setting or rather environment has the advantage of using real patients. This offers students some challenges but it requires close supervision so as toe ensure that the patients are in good condition. Students can in turn learn more from some patients than others. Patients chosen for teaching should be friendly, available and willing to talk and be in a position to accept examinations by students at the appropriate or stipulated time. They often feel that teaching students is a way of making some sort of sense of their illness or giving more information concerning their condition ( Petrie et al. 2009). Patients who may be willing to help the students learning process may have important information concerning their experiences of illness or have good, stable clinical signs. There should be no communication barriers unless the teacher is shedding light on how students should deal with communication difficulties from patients. Teaching with a patient may not only help students but may help their medical care; for instance if one wants a full history to be taken and recorded in the notes or consider an aspect of care which has not been explored before (Jarvis 1987). Patients are usually happy to take part in teaching sessions but it is

Professional Ethics for Computer Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Professional Ethics for Computer Science - Essay Example Man can live a morally upright living by following these virtues. Duty ethics focus more on man’s â€Å"obligation† and â€Å"duty† to follow what one might think is right, in spite of the consequences that might happen after. A mother may choose to live abroad to provide financial support to her family even if it means sacrificing the love that she should give to her children and other loved ones. A couple may choose to keep their marriage despite the presence of infidelity for the other half. And lastly, the consequentialist ethics deals the opposite of the duty ethics (also called non-consequentialist). In this ethics, a conduct is right if the consequences favor the greater good man. Good world leaders base their decisions on â€Å"who will benefit more† than to â€Å"please all people†. Based from the three ethical strategies, my decisions are mainly based on the consequentialist ethics, or better yet, for the better good of mankind. Although I am not deeply rooted with any religion, cult, or sect, my ethical perspective is based upon my experiences in life. When I was young, I learned the value of telling a white lie, if it means saving my friend from harm. My family has brought me up freely, allowing me to learn from my mistakes and making better decisions in the end. Growing up, I also learned that I can never please all the people around me. My family also taught me the value of decision-making, of weighing things first before acting upon any situation. Having lived in Hong Kong, I’ve seen a lot of people who became successful because they value what is best for the majority, even if it means sacrificing the minority. Enemies will always be there, but true friends, no matter how few or how far they may be, are the ones who keep me my feet on the ground. Having taken up a major related to computers, I feel the need for every individual who use the World Wide Web, and other computer related